Problems With Immunization Against Infectious Diseases

Emerging Problems in Infectious Diseases

The general population is concerned about the probable devastating effects of pandemic H1N1 2009. Based upon the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, scientific publications and theories, the idea that swine flu parties may achieve passive immunity against pandemic H1N1 2009 has been proposed. Public health officials have asked the general public not to resort to these parties. However, no concrete evide...

Emerging Problems in Infectious Diseases

Introduction: In April 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus was identified in patients from Mexico and the United States. From 8 May through 25 June 2009, in the Republic of Panama, 467 cases infected with the same virus were identified, 13 of which were hospitalized at the Santo Tomas Hospital in Panama City. Up to the date of this report, no deaths have been reported in Panama. This study p...

Emerging Problems in Infectious Diseases

Background: The emergence of influenza A/H1N1/2009 is alarming. The severity of previous epidemics suggests that the susceptibility of the human population to H1N1 is directly proportional to the degree of changes in hemagglutinin/HA and neuraminidase/NA; therefore, H1N1/2009 and H1N1/2008 were analyzed for their sequence as well as structural divergence. Methodology: The structural and sequenc...

The role of T helper 9(Th9) against Infectious Diseases

Background and aims: Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites .The Th9 subset develops in response to combined signals from TGF-b and IL-4 among a cacophony of other cytokines in an extracellular milieu. T helper 9 (Th9) cells,  as a novel CD4 T cell subset, seem to play a complex role in the outcome of specific immune responses. In thi...

Expression library immunization: a road map for discovery of vaccines against infectious diseases.